Modelo de atención sanitaria a la infancia y adolescencia en Atención Primaria. La realidad de una atención integral compartida / Health Care Model for Children and Adolescents in Primary Care. The reality of shared comprehensive care

En la actualidad, el modelo de asistencia sanitaria a la población infantojuvenil en Atención Primaria es variable en todo el territorio nacional. La Atención Primaria es el primer contacto del paciente pediátrico y su familia, atención que mayoritariamente recaía sobre el pediatra y que debe ser abordada de forma integral por las categorías profesionales implicadas en la promoción, educación para la salud y atención integral del menor, como son el pediatra, la enfermería pediátrica y la enfermería referente de centro educativos. El pediatra y el enfermero de Pediatría son los profesionales formados adecuadamente para atender a la población infantojuvenil en la Atención Primaria y una buena atención requiere de la interdependencia de ambos profesionales y de la cooperación con otras figuras profesionales del centro educativo y del centro de salud. Son necesarias actividades de salud comunitaria y trabajar con los activos de la comunidad para conseguir una atención sanitaria basada en la equidad y en la calidad desde una perspectiva global del niño en su naturaleza biopsicosocial. (AU)

Currently, the health care model for the paediatric and juvenile population in primary care varies throughout Spain. Primary care is the first contact for paediatric patients and their families, care that was mainly provided by paediatricians and which must be addressed in an integrated manner by the professional categories involved in the promotion, health education and comprehensive care of children, such as paediatricians, paediatric nurses and nurses in charge of educational centres. The paediatrician and the paediatric nurse are the professionals adequately trained to care for the paediatric population in primary care and good care requires the interdependence of both professionals and cooperation with other professional figures in the educational centre and the health centre. Community health activities are necessary, working with the assets of the community to achieve health care based on equity and quality from a global perspective of the child in his or her biopsychosocial nature. (AU)

Reporting guidelines and a touch of critical appraisal.

The biomedical research process must follow certain quality criteria in its design and development to ensure that the results are credible and reliable. Once completed, the time comes to write an article for publication. The article must present in sufficient detail, and in a clear and transparent manner, all the information on the research work that has been carried out. In this way, readers, after a critical reading of the published content, will be able to judge the validity and relevance of the study and, if they so wish, make use of the findings. In order to improve the description of the research process for publication, a series of guidelines have been developed which, in a simple and structured way, guide authors in the preparation of a manuscript. They are presented in the form of a list, flowchart, or structured text, and are an invaluable aid when writing an article. This article presents the reporting guidelines for the most common designs along with the corresponding checklists.

Guías para la elaboración de manuscritos y unas pinceladas de lectura crítica / Reporting guidelines and a touch of critical appraisal

El proceso de investigación biomédica debe seguir unos criterios de calidad en su diseño y elaboración que garanticen que los resultados son creíbles y fiables. Una vez finalizado, llega el momento de escribir un artículo para su publicación. Este debe presentar con suficiente detalle, y de forma clara y transparente, toda la información del trabajo de investigación realizado. De esta forma, los lectores, tras una lectura crítica de lo publicado, podrán juzgar la validez y la relevancia del estudio, y si lo consideran, utilizar los hallazgos. Con el objetivo de mejorar la descripción del proceso de investigación para su publicación, se han desarrollado una serie de guías que, de forma sencilla y estructurada, orientan a los autores a la hora de elaborar un manuscrito. Se presentan en forma de lista, diagrama de flujo, o texto estructurado, y son una ayuda inestimable a la hora de escribir un artículo. Este artículo presenta las guías de elaboración de manuscritos de los diseños más habituales, con sus listas de verificación.(AU)

The biomedical research process must follow certain quality criteria in its design and development to ensure that the results are credible and reliable. Once completed, the time comes to write an article for publication. The article must present in sufficient detail, and in a clear and transparent manner, all the information on the research work that has been carried out. In this way, readers, after a critical reading of the published content, will be able to judge the validity and relevance of the study and, if they so wish, make use of the findings. In order to improve the description of the research process for publication, a series of guidelines have been developed which, in a simple and structured way, guide authors in the preparation of a manuscript. They are presented in the form of a list, flowchart, or structured text, and are an invaluable aid when writing an article. This article presents the reporting guidelines for the most common designs along with the corresponding checklists.(AU)

Evidentia praxis: nirsevimab y prevención de bronquiolitis en lactantes nacidos a término / Evidentia praxis: Nirsevimab and bronchiolitis prevention in term-born infants

Analizamos la evidencia publicada sobre la eficacia y seguridad de nirsevimab, un anticuerpo monoclonal, empleado para prevenir las infecciones de vías respiratorias bajas (IVRB) por virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) en el lactante a término. Encontramos un ensayo clínico aleatorizado controlado con placebo doble ciego que incluyó 3012 lactantes, nacidos a término o pretérmino tardío, menores de un año con un seguimiento de al menos 150 días. La calidad de la evidencia se clasificó como baja para IVRB muy grave y moderada para IVRB que precisara asistencia o ingreso. La evidencia se sustenta sobre un escaso número de eventos (para ingresos hospitalarios sólo 29 casos, para IVRB con atención médica 78), por lo que cualquier estimación debe considerarse imprecisa. La eficacia, estimada como reducción relativa del riesgo (RRR) fue del 76,4% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95]: 62,3 a 85,2) para IVRB por VRS y del 76,8% (IC 95: 49,4 a 89,4%) para ingreso. No se encontraron diferencias en cuanto a seguridad. Existen dudas sobre la importancia clínica, por los criterios de gravedad empleados, y sobre su impacto, con un número necesario a tratar para evitar una IVRB con ingreso de 63 y que requiera asistencia médica de 24. Por la información disponible parece una intervención segura, de la que no esperamos efectos adversos comunes, pero no podemos descartar efectos de baja frecuencia. Asimismo, esperamos contar pronto con estimaciones más precisas de eficacia y seguridad (AU)

We reviewed the published evidence on the efficacy and safety of nirsevimab, a monoclonal antibody, used to prevent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) associated lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in term infants. We have found a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial that included 3012 infants, born at term or late preterm, less than one year of age with a follow-up of at least 150 days. The quality of the evidence was classified as low for very severe LRTI and moderate for LRTI requiring medical care or admission. The evidence is based on a small number of events (only 29 cases for hospital admissions, 78 for IVRB with medical care), so any estimate must be considered imprecise. Efficacy, estimated as relative risk reduction (RRR) was 76.4% (95% confidence interval [95 CI]: 62.3 to 85.2) for RSV associated LRTI that required medical care and 76.8% (CI 95: 49.4 to 89.4%) for hospital admission. No differences were found in terms of safety. There are doubts about the clinical importance, due to the severity criteria used, and about its impact, with a number needed to treat of 63 to avoid a LRTI with hospital admission and of 24 to avoid LRTI requiring medical care. Based on the available information, it seems a safe intervention, from which we do not expect common adverse effects, but we cannot rule out low-frequency effects. We also expect to have more precise estimates of efficacy and safety soon. (AU)

Abordaje diagnóstico de la macrocefalia / Diagnostic management of macrocephaly

La macrocefalia, definida como un aumento del perímetro occipitofrontal o craneal por encima de 2 desviaciones estándar para la edad, sexo y edad gestacional, es un hallazgo potencial en las exploraciones habituales en Pediatría en Atención Primaria y en otros ámbitos. Se trata de una situación que refleja una posible alteración en el neurodesarrollo, en el crecimiento del niño o una situación puramente benigna. Dado que no es indicativo de una patología concreta, es necesario aplicar un abordaje diagnóstico adecuado, distinguiendo entre cuadros que requieren estudios más profundos y aquellos que no precisan intervención por nuestra parte. En este artículo se analizarán los elementos de la historia clínica y la exploración física que permitirán orientar este hallazgo (AU)

Macrocephay, defined as an increase of the occipitofrontal or cranial perimeter over 2 standard deviation for a determined age, sex or gestational age; is a potential finding in the usual physical exploration in Paediatrics in Primary Care and other areas. It is a situation that may show a potential neurodevelopmental or growth disorder or a completely benign condition. Since it is not an indicative of a specific disease, it is necessary to resort to a proper diagnostic management, distinguishing between clinical presentations that require a deeper study and those that do not require an intervention on our part. Elements of the medical record and physical exploration that allow to guide the diagnosis will be analysed in this article. (AU)

Corticoides inhalados para el asma: sigue la batalla de la talla baja / Inhaled corticosteroids for asthma: the battle of the smaller height continues

Conclusiones de los autores del estudio: el uso de corticoides inhalados para el tratamiento del asma en los seis primeros años de vida no parece influir en el contenido mineral óseo a esa edad, independientemente de la dosis acumulada administrada. En cambio, los autores han encontrado asociación con una menor talla a los 6 años, pero solo en aquellos pacientes que continúan con tratamiento durante el sexto año de vida y que han tenido una elevada dosis acumulada de corticoides inhalados previamente. Comentario de los revisores: el tratamiento de mantenimiento con corticoides inhalados hasta la edad de 6 años podría disminuir la talla, efecto más acusado cuanto mayor es la dosis total consumida. Aunque no queda claro si esta disminución es transitoria o permanente, parece prudente monitorizar de cerca el pronóstico de talla (AU)

Authors' conclusions: The use of inhaled corticosteroids (IC) for the treatment of asthma from 0 to 6 years of age is associated with shorter height at 6 years of life, but only in patients who continue treatment in the sixth year of life with IC and who have been exposed to a higher cumulative dose of IC.Reviewers' commentary: in children under 6 years of age, the maintenance treatment of choice is IC. Although they offer good clinical control of the disease, they could have an immediate decrease in height, more pronounced in those with a higher dose consumed, without being clear if this effect is transient or permanent. (AU)

¿Es posible ofrecer un algoritmo de decisión clínica en la enfermedad COVID-19 en Atención Primaria? / Is it possible to offer a clinical decision algorithm in COVID-19 disease in Primary Care?

Hasta ahora, los datos recogidos en los casos de procesos clínicos provocados por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) en niños sugieren que son cuadros leves en comparación con las infecciones en pacientes adultos; no obstante, se ha informado de casos graves, como el síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico (SIM), que precisa de valoración y actuación de emergencia. En el contexto de la consulta del pediatra de Atención Primaria y coincidiendo con el inicio del curso escolar, en una época en la que habitualmente aumenta la incidencia de procesos como la gripe, infección por el virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) y otros cuadros respiratorios, es habitual la demanda por síntomas que pueden hacer sospechar cualquiera de estas infecciones. En este sentido, es importante llegar a un diagnóstico que permita el manejo más adecuado del paciente. Epidemiológicamente, de manera que se pueda disminuir la transmisión comunitaria tomando las medidas adecuadas y clínicamente para así poder ponderar el nivel de gravedad y poner en marcha las actuaciones más adecuadas. Dado que no existen escalas válidas que ofrezcan un puntaje para valorar cuál es la actuación más adecuada ante la sospecha de una infección COVID-19, planteamos los beneficios de un algoritmo de decisión clínica que tiene en cuenta las connotaciones epidemiológicas, basado en la gravedad clínica, para ofrecer la atención clínica más adecuada a los pacientes

So far, the data collected in the cases of clinical processes caused by the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) coronavirus in children suggest that they are mild compared to infections in adult patients; However, serious cases such as multisystemic inflammatory syndrome (SIM) have been reported, which requires assessment and emergency action. In the context of the of the Primary Care pediatrician consultation and coinciding with the beginning of the school year, at a time when the incidence of influenza, RSV infection and other respiratory conditions usually increases, consultations for symptoms that can lead to suspect these infections. Therefore, it is important to reach a diagnosis that allows the most appropriate management of the patient and decreasing the community transmission by taking pertinent measures. Given that there are no valid scales that offer a score to assess which is the most appropriate action in the event of a suspected COVID-19 infection, we propose the benefits of a clinical decision algorithm that takes into account epidemiological connotations, based on clinical severity to offer the most appropriate clinical care to patients

Paediatricians provide higher quality care to children and adolescents in primary care: A systematic review.

AIM: The number of primary care paediatricians is decreasing in Europe without a justifiable reason. We aimed to compare the clinical practice of paediatricians and family doctors attending children and adolescents in primary care. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, TRIP and Google Scholar were searched from December 2008 to February 2018. No language or study design restrictions were applied. Three reviewers assessed eligibility of the studies. Seven pairs of reviewers performed the data extraction and assessed the methodological quality independently. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. RESULTS: Fifty-four, out of 1150 studies preselected, were included. We found that paediatricians show more appropriate pharmacology prescription patterns for the illness being treated; they achieve higher vaccination rates and have better knowledge of vaccines and fewer doubts about vaccine safety; their knowledge and implementation of different screening tests are better; they prescribe psychoactive drugs more cautiously and more in line with current practice guidelines; their evaluation and treatment of obesity and lipid disorders follow criteria more consistently with current clinical practice guidelines; and they perform fewer diagnostic test, show a more suitable use of the test and request fewer referrals to specialists. CONCLUSION: According to published data, in developed countries, paediatricians provide higher quality care to children than family doctors.

¿Sigue vigente hoy día la medicina basada en la evidencia? / No disponible

No disponible

Calprotectina fecal como apoyo al diagnóstico en la alergia a las proteínas de leche de vaca no IgE mediada / Faecal calprotectin as an aid to the diagnosis of non-IgE mediated cow's milk protein allergy

INTRODUCCIÓN: El objetivo del estudio es evaluar la utilidad de la calprotectina fecal (CPF) en lactantes con sospecha de alergia a las proteínas de leche de vaca (APLV) no IgE mediada tanto para el diagnóstico como para predecir la respuesta clínica a la supresión láctea. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo, de un año de duración, incluyendo 82 lactantes entre 1-12 meses en el Área Este de Málaga-Axarquía. De ellos: 40 se diagnostican de APLV no IgE mediada (síntomas compatibles y respuesta positiva a la supresión láctea), 12 no se confirma APLV y además 30 como grupo control. Se determina CPF al diagnóstico, al mes y a los 3 meses. El análisis estadístico realizado fue ANOVA para medidas repetidas, regresión logística nominal y curvas ROC utilizando los programas SPSS 20 y Medcalc. RESULTADOS: Se analizan diferencias entre los grupos y se objetiva relación estadísticamente significativa entre cifras elevadas de CPF y padecer APLV (p <0,0001). También se constata relación estadísticamente significativa entre cifras de CPF al diagnóstico, al mes y a los 3 meses (p < 0,001). Finalmente se realiza una curva ROC entre cifras de CPF y diagnóstico de APLV resultando una área bajo la curva de 0,89 y siendo 138μg/g el mejor nivel de corte. Sin embargo, para predecir respuesta clínica este valor es únicamente de 0,68. CONCLUSIONES: Cifras de CPF inferiores a 138μg/g podrían ser útiles para descartar el diagnóstico de APLV no IgE mediada. La CPF no es un buen test para predecir respuesta clínica a la exclusión láctea

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to assess the use of faecal calprotectin (FCP) in infants with signs and symptoms of non-IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy (CMA) for both diagnosis and prediction of clinical response at the time of withdrawal of milk proteins. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A one year prospective study was conducted on 82 infants between 1 and 12 months of age in the Eastern area of Málaga-Axarquía, of whom 40 of them had been diagnosed with non-IgE-mediated CMA (with suggestive symptoms and positive response to milk withdrawal), 12 not diagnosed with CMA, and 30 of them were the control group. FCP was measured at three different times: time of diagnosis, and one and three months later. ANOVA for repeated measures, nominal logistic regression and ROC curves were prepared using the SPSS.20 package and Medcalc. RESULTS: Differences between diagnostic and control groups were assessed: there was a statistically significant relationship (p<.0001) between high FCP levels and infants suffering CMA, as well as the levels at time of diagnosis, 1 and 3 months (p <.001). A ROC curve was constructed between FCP levels and diagnosis of CMA, with 138 ug/g, with the best cut-off being with an area under the curve of 0.89. However, it is only 0.68 to predict a clinical response. CONCLUSIONS: FCP levels lower than 138ug/g could be useful to rule out non-IgE-mediated CMA diagnosis. Calprotectin is not a good test to predict clinical response to milk withdrawal

[Faecal calprotectin as an aid to the diagnosis of non-IgE mediated cow's milk protein allergy]. / Calprotectina fecal como apoyo al diagnóstico en la alergia a las proteínas de leche de vaca no IgE mediada.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to assess the use of faecal calprotectin (FCP) in infants with signs and symptoms of non-IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy (CMA) for both diagnosis and prediction of clinical response at the time of withdrawal of milk proteins. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A one year prospective study was conducted on 82 infants between 1 and 12 months of age in the Eastern area of Málaga-Axarquía, of whom 40 of them had been diagnosed with non-IgE-mediated CMA (with suggestive symptoms and positive response to milk withdrawal), 12 not diagnosed with CMA, and 30 of them were the control group. FCP was measured at three different times: time of diagnosis, and one and three months later. ANOVA for repeated measures, nominal logistic regression and ROC curves were prepared using the SPSS.20 package and Medcalc. RESULTS: Differences between diagnostic and control groups were assessed: there was a statistically significant relationship (p<.0001) between high FCP levels and infants suffering CMA, as well as the levels at time of diagnosis, 1 and 3 months (p <.001). A ROC curve was constructed between FCP levels and diagnosis of CMA, with 138 ug/g, with the best cut-off being with an area under the curve of 0.89. However, it is only 0.68 to predict a clinical response. CONCLUSIONS: FCP levels lower than 138ug/g could be useful to rule out non-IgE-mediated CMA diagnosis. Calprotectin is not a good test to predict clinical response to milk withdrawal.